The use of fluorescein isothiocyanate in the determination of the bacterial biomass of grassland soil.

Quantitative recoveries of bacteria added to a number of soils were obtained using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a stain. Enzyme fluorescence, using fluorescein diacetate or dibutyrate, could not be adapted for the routine counting of metabolizing organisms in soil. Staining with rose bengal gave recoveries of 60-80%. Soil-extract dilution plates revealed 4 X 107 bacteria/g in the 0-10 cm layer in April and 27 X 107 in October. One-third of this number was observed in the 20-30 cm layer. Actinomycete colonies added another 20% to the counts at the 0-30 cm depth but constituted 707, of the total colonies from the 90-120 cm depth. Microscopic counts indicated 2.2-4.6 X 109 organisms/g of surface soil. The number of bacteria decreased in a linear fashion with depth but no relation was found between the numbers obtained by direct lnicroscopy and those by plate counting. However, each of the methods showed a high relationship between the size of the bacterial population present at each depth on the different sampling dates. The observed bacteria, actinomycete spores, and hyphal segments averaged 0.6 X 1 p. On this basis, the biomass in the top 30 cm, as determined by direct microscopy, ranged from 30 to 76 g/m2 (dry weight basis). This implies, considering the amount of available energy, that the individual cells have enough energy to divide only a few times each year. Direct microscopic counting yields a quantitative picture of the organisms present but cannot separate between inactive cells, spores, and metabolizing organisms. Data from plate counts probably give a truer indication of metabolically active cells.